Journalism & Mass Communication

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Journalism & Mass Communication
(Lecture for BS and Master)

Journalism: Collection of information in term of recent events, giving them proper shape and sharing.

Mass Communication:  Mass means big number of people or audience, Communication means exchange of thoughts/approaches/information/opinion/knowledge.

Journalism & Mass Communication:
Collection of information in term of recent events, giving them proper shape and sharing with audience using different plate forms like Print or electronic media.

Exchange of information/opinion/knowledge
Sharing of information/opinion/knowledge
Spreading of information/opinion/knowledge
Dissemination of information/opinion/knowledge


Journalistic objectivity is a considerable notion within the discussion of journalistic professionalism. Journalistic objectivity may refer to fairness, disinterestedness, factuality and nonpartisanship, but most often encompasses all of these qualities.

Mass Communication Tools:

Print Media:  Newspaper, Magazine and Tabloid

Electronic Media: Radio, TV and Internet

Types of Radio Stations

1.     Internet/Web/IP/Online Radio
2.     Satellite Radio
3.     Terrestrial Radio Stations:
           i.         DAB (Digital Audio Broadcast) Radio
               ii.         FM (Frequency Modulation) Radio
              iii.         AM (Amplitude Modulation) Radio  (SW, MW and LW Radio Stations)

Types of TV Stations

1.     Internet/Web/IP/Online TV
2.     Satellite TV (DVB or Digital Video Broadcast), DTH (Direct To Home)
3.     Terrestrial TV Stations (PTV in Pakistan) State Owned TV Station
4.     CTV (Cable TV)

Terrestrial: Something related to ground, when we receive Radio or TV signal using ordinary antenna or free of cost signal or catching our favorable Radio/TV tunes, that is know as terrestrial Radio/TV station approach.

Satellite: Something related to space, to get Radio/TV signal from almost 35 to 40 thousand kilometer above earth’s level using Dish Antenna having LNB.

Tabloid: A newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format.

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Explanation of Radio Types:

Internet Radio Station: Also called web, online or IP (Internet Protocol) radio station and can be accessed using PC, Laptop, or smartphone having internet facility.
Example: 
www.radio.garden (Give access to almost all Internet Radio Station on the face of earth)
www.radio.gov.pk (Link for Radio Pakistan to listen online using computer or smartphones)
BBC, DW, VOA etc

FM Station: 
1. Frequency Modulation
2. Frequency range is 87.5 to 108 MHz (Mega Hertz , Mega means one with six zeros (1000000) or 10 lac or 1 Million, Hertz is a unit of frequency and this unit was named in the honour of  German Physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857 - 1894) )
3. Also called Airwaves (Travels just above the ground and need an antenna to capture)
4.Works in line of sight. (Coverage is upto the curvature or curve of earth.)
5. Approximately covers upto 40 to 50 Kilometers from the height of 120 feet tower (restriction by PEMRA)
6. Can be private and government both.

Explanation of point No 6.(Government FM stations are FM93.4, FM 101, Radio Pakistan Network, Information Department’s FM Stations, Suno FM Network FM 89.4 and all Public Sector Universities holding license for Campus Radio Station)

AM Radio Stations

 Amplitude Modulation. 
Sub bands of AM are SW or Short wave, MW or Medium Wave, and LW or Long Wave.

 MW or Medium Wave:
1. Frequency range is 530 to 1650 KHz
2. Also called ground wave because it travels with respect to ground
3. Only State owned 
4. Can cover upto 500 Kilometers including mountain and hilly areas as well.


SW or Short Wave

 1. Frequency range is from 3 to 30 MHz (Mega Hertz)
2. Also called Skywave because it approaches to ionosphere layer which is  from 50 to more than 1000 Kilometers above the ground and then bounce back to earth to cover the some other countries as well.
3. Can cover upto Thousands of kilometers.
4. State owned only
LW or Long Wave
1. Frequency range is 145 to 300 KHz
2. Not being practiced mostly because of getting too much noise in reception.











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